La nueva Ley de Alquileres fue publicada hoy en el Boletín Oficial
A través del Decreto 533/2023, publicado este martes en el Boletín Oficial, el Gobierno Nacional promulgó la nueva Ley de Alquileres que fue aprobada la semana pasada en el Congreso e intentará equilibrar la crisis habitacional.
El decreto que establece las reformas al Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación contó con las firmas del presidente Alberto Fernández, el jefe de Gabinete Agustín Rossi, y los ministros de Economía, Sergio Massa, y de Justicia, Martín Soria.
Uno de los principales objetivos de la nueva ley es poner fin a los alquileres en dólares. La norma establece de manera clara que el precio de los mismos debe expresarse en moneda nacional, y la publicidad de propiedades para alquilar no podrá mencionar otra moneda que no sea el peso argentino.
En cuanto a la actualización de los alquileres, se introduce un cambio significativo: a diferencia de la ley anterior que permitía un único ajuste anual, la reforma dispone que las actualizaciones se llevarán a cabo cada seis meses. En consecuencia, los inquilinos pueden esperar dos incrementos de precio al año en lugar de uno.
Para establecer los incrementos se utilizará como base el coeficiente “Casa Propia,” que es empleado por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Hábitat.
La fórmula Casa Propia considera el indicador más bajo entre el promedio de la variación salarial anual y el promedio de la inflación durante el mismo período. Además, se incorpora un Coeficiente de Variación Salarial (CVS) con un aforo del 0,9, lo que significa que solo se tomará el 90% del promedio de la variación salarial.
Este enfoque en el promedio de los últimos doce meses en la variación salarial promueve una mayor estabilidad en la actualización de los alquileres, reduciendo el impacto de eventos aislados en la evolución de los salarios. Estos cambios representan un enfoque más equitativo y predecible en la actualización de los alquileres en Argentina.
Al tener en cuenta el promedio de los últimos doce meses en lo que respecta a la variación salarial (CVS) -y no la variación de un único mes- promueve una mayor estabilidad en la actualización de las cuotas, ya que contribuye a moderar el impacto de eventuales hitos en la evolución de los salarios que respondan a períodos puntuales.
El funcionamiento del sistema de actualización se puede comprender mejor con un caso testigo. Una persona que desde mayo de 2023 pagó un alquiler de $100.000, por ejemplo, y necesita saber cuánto tiene que abonar desde noviembre 2023, deberá seguir los siguientes pasos:
1. El inquilino deberá ingresar a la página Web del Ministerio de Desarrollo Territorial y Hábitat para ver cuáles fueron los últimos seis valores del índice Casa Propia.
2. Luego, tendrá que multiplicarlos entre sí. En este caso, la cuenta que realizará (según los valores oficiales publicados) es 1.0522 x 1.0557 x 1.1.0558 x 1.0571 x 1.0576 x 1.0628.
3. Posteriormente, deberá multiplicar el resultado por los $100.000.
4. Ese inquilino deberá empezar a pagar desde noviembre de 2023 unos $139.000 durante seis meses.
Utilizando el método de ajuste anterior, o “Índice de Contrato de Locación” (ICL), aplicado a 6 meses, el ajuste sería de 57%, llevando el alquiler a 157.000 pesos. En otras palabras, para un mismo período de tiempo el nuevo sistema de ajuste determina un valor de alquiler 11,5% más barato que el que hubiera resultado de aplicar el ICL, aunque cabe tener en cuenta que con la norma anterior este ajuste era cada 12, no cada 6 meses.
Suponiendo dos períodos en que tanto el ICL como el índice Casa Propia se repiten, al cabo de un año el primer ajuste de un contrato inicial de $100.000 con la ley de 2020 llevaría el valor del alquiler a $246.500 (pero sin ajuste en los meses 7 a 12) y con el nuevo sistema lo lleva a $139.000 en los meses 7 a 12 y a $193.100 a partir del decimotercer mes. En el primer año, el volumen de pagos será mayor con el nuevo sistema, pero probablemente a partir del segundo año este sea más ventajoso para los inquilinos. El resultado dependerá de las variaciones de precios y de salarios y los índices de ajuste que resulten. En el fondo, el distorsionante es la inflación. De hecho, si esta fuera cero a lo largo de todo el período contractual, monto y volumen del flujo mensual de alquileres serían equivalentes con una u otra normativa.
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